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Medications that are usually added to feed, especially as a preventive measure against disease, can lead to the development of resistance in parasites or other microbes. In this way, birds remain carriers, become reinfected, and maintain the infection within the flock. In addition, chemical substances have a high degree of toxicity, especially to the liver. Moreover, the prohibition or limitation of antibiotic therapy has led to an increased incidence of digestive and respiratory infections in birds.
Avian colibacillosis caused by Escherichia coli is the most widespread and harmful bacterial disease among birds. The infection may be localized or systemic, with various clinical signs ranging from respiratory tract infections and white or watery droppings to swollen head syndrome. Youngsters with colibacillosis often present typical lesions: perihepatitis, airsacculitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, salpingitis, coligranuloma, omphalitis, cellulitis, embryonic death, septicemia, and osteomyelitis/arthritis in adult birds.
As a result, mild to moderate chronic E. coli infection often causes reduced feed intake, decreased body weight, lower egg production and hatchability rate, and poorer feed conversion ratio. Severe and acute E. coli infection is usually responsible for higher morbidity and mortality in young chicks and older birds, as well as decreased performance.
Colibacillosis in youngsters often occurs during respiratory syndrome caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection or viral agents such as infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. In addition, immunosuppressive diseases (infectious bursal disease) and stress caused by environmental factors such as overcrowding or high levels of dust and ammonia that enter through oral and respiratory routes also lead to systemic E. coli infection in chicks.
The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance not only raises new challenges for the rational and effective use of antibiotics but also creates many difficulties in preventing and controlling E. coli infection. Furthermore, the recent reduction or prohibition of antimicrobial use has hindered the treatment of avian colibacillosis. Consequently, the incidence of systemic E. coli infections and mortality rates has gradually increased. Therefore, exploring natural substances with effective and safe anti-infective properties is of great importance in controlling E. coli infections.
In vitro studies have demonstrated that several natural plant-derived extracts such as thyme, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, turmeric, garlic, citral, etc., may inhibit or kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens, without harming beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp.
Garlic contains essential oils with allicin as the main active compound. Alliin is enzymatically converted by alliinase into allicin, a compound responsible for the characteristic odor. Allicin compounds have strong antibacterial activity. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds, 17 amino acids, several enzymes, and minerals. These sulfur compounds give garlic its distinctive sharp smell and clinical effects. Another important garlic compound is inulin, which appears to lower digestive pH in birds when fed garlic due to the prebiotic effects of inulin and its hydrolysates, helping beneficial intestinal flora colonization.
Thyme effectively reduces the growth of E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, as established in vitro. Cinnamon essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has antibacterial properties against Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus spp. Moreover, cinnamon essential oil has been reported to have genuine natural antibiotic properties in poultry.
Cinnamon powder extract shows strong antimicrobial activity due to its high content of volatile components (mainly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and carvacrol). Thus, cinnamon oil has proven effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, it has strong antioxidant, analgesic, and anticandidal activities. It has also been shown to disrupt the growth of numerous pathogenic bacteria and stimulate beneficial bacteria growth in the digestive tract of birds.
Turmeric powder extract is a primary source of phenolic compounds such as curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and tetrahydrocurcuminoids. These bioactive compounds are yellow pigments with antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and antihepatotoxic activities. It also helps control coccidiosis, mutagenicity, and aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenicity. It is successfully used as a growth promoter in broiler chickens and improves intestinal health. When added to feed, it significantly reduces intestinal Clostridium perfringens load and inhibits Salmonella typhimurium colonization. Curcumin has confirmed efficacy against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. aureus, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritica, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma spp. It has also been reported to have a coccidiostatic effect similar to sodium salinomycin against Eimeria spp.
Fennel has remarkable antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties. It is rich in linolenic and stearic fatty acids and contains limonene, fenchone, phellandrene, cis-ocimene, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, anethole, alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, beta-myrcene, estragole, safrole, beta-pinene, camphor, and other volatile components. Due to this complex composition, fennel exhibits antioxidant, immunological, and antimicrobial activity and stimulates performance in birds.
Active ingredients in fennel seeds, such as anethole and estragole, stimulate bile acid secretion and digestive enzymes such as protease, lipase, amylase, and maltase, facilitating digestion and increasing feed intake in birds. Fennel seeds increase appetite, stimulate endogenous digestive enzymes, and trigger immune responses. Like other medicinal plants, fennel has antibacterial and antibiotic properties that help reduce undesirable intestinal microorganisms and improve digestion. Improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio following fennel supplementation have been reported in broilers and laying birds.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) used in poultry feed exerts antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity, stimulates digestive enzyme secretion, and helps reduce the severity of digestive and respiratory disorders. These functional effects are explained by the presence of secondary metabolites such as carvacrol and thymol. Oregano is considered a valuable alternative for improving gastrointestinal functional performance, especially in broilers and young birds. The genus Origanum is included among highly active antitrichomonal compounds and also acts against coccidiosis. These plants are rich in p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, and thymol, the active principles responsible for antitrichomonal action.
AdenoColi is a natural remedy that should be included in the control protocol of rapidly spreading diseases such as digestive and respiratory bacterial infections (E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, Clostridia, Klebsiella, etc.).
After years of research on the effectiveness of medicinal plants in the prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases in birds, we can now state that natural extracts represent an alternative in combating infectious diseases. Additionally, they support recovery after illness.
Our formula contains highly pharmacologically effective bioactive substances. The components were included based on laboratory-proven antimicrobial activity.
Administration: 5 g per 1 kg of feed, accompanied by a balanced diet enriched with vitamins and minerals and very good hygiene conditions